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《欲望与理性》是一部写于1994年的思想性著作，作者李幸与竺毅哲以深刻的洞察力和系统的分析，探讨了人类行为背后的根本动因——欲望与理性之间的复杂关系。这部著作不仅具有鲜明的时代背景，更在哲学、社会学与心理学的交叉领域中提出了富有启发性的见解。

书中开篇即指出，人类在改造自然方面成就斐然，却在理解自身方面步履维艰。作者认为，尽管黑格尔主张“理性统治世界”，但迄今为止的现实却是“欲望统治世界”。这一论断为全书奠定了批判与反思的基调。本书从欲望的本质出发，将其界定为“意识形态化了的生物本能”，并细致分类为十二种基本欲望与本能，如安全欲、占有欲、权力欲、表现欲等，进而分析它们在社会历史与现实生活中的作用与影响。

在探讨理性时，作者将其区分为工具理性、科学理性、价值理性与哲学理性四种形态，强调理性不仅是认知能力，更是人类超越生物性、实现自我价值的关键。尤为深刻的是，本书指出欲望具有无可否认的利己主义本质，而理性——尤其是价值理性——则承担着约束欲望、引导行为向善的使命。

作者进一步提出，人类社会的历史可被视为欲望与理性不断博弈的过程。在理性尚未成熟的漫长时期，欲望作为推动物质文明发展的原始动力，却也成为社会矛盾与罪恶的根源。而随着理性的发展与成熟，人类社会有望从“欲望统治”走向“理性统治”，实现更高层次的自由与和谐。

尽管写作于三十年前，本书对当代中国乃至全球社会仍具有强烈的现实意义。在物质主义、消费主义盛行的今天，欲望的膨胀与理性的缺失仍是许多社会问题的根源。书中呼吁人们通过教育与自我反省，增强理性自觉，以理性的目的作为人生的最高追求，这不仅是对个体的精神指引，也是对整个人类文明发展的深刻思考。

总的来说，《欲望与理性》是一部思想深邃、结构严谨、富有批判精神与人文关怀的力作，值得每一位关注人类命运与精神成长的读者认真阅读与反思。

附本书目录：

序  …………………………………………………………………………………………………  1

一、欲望  ……………………………………………………………………………………………  6

1、欲望作为一种意识形态化了的生物本能  …………………………………………………  7

2、欲望的类别  …………………………………………………………………………………  10

3、不同欲望之间的关系  ………………………………………………………………………  21

4、欲望的一般性质  ……………………………………………………………………………  25

5、欲望在社会历史和现实生活中的意义、作用和地位  ……………………………………  32

二、意识  ……………………………………………………………………………………………  38

1、人的意识的一般性质  ………………………………………………………………………  40

2、情感  …………………………………………………………………………………………  45　

3、意志  …………………………………………………………………………………………  49

三、理性  ……………………………………………………………………………………………  52

1、理智、智慧或工具理性  ……………………………………………………………………  53

2、科学理性  ……………………………………………………………………………………  59  

3、价值理性  ……………………………………………………………………………………  60

4、哲学理性  ……………………………………………………………………………………  61

四、欲望与理性的关系 ……………………………………………………………………………  64

1、欲望与理性的一般关系  ……………………………………………………………………  65

2、欲望与理性的历史演进关系  ………………………………………………………………  73

五、人类理性所面临的问题 ………………………………………………………………………  81

1、不同社会发展形态的国家所面临的不同问题  ……………………………………………  82

2、社会结构形式的历史演变所产生的问题  …………………………………………………  93

3、人类理性所面临的最紧迫的问题—人口  …………………………………………………  96

附表1  社会形态的演进…………………………………………………………………………  104

附表2  精神形态的演进…………………………………………………………………………… 106

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Desires and Reason:  Signposts on the Path to "Know Thyself". 

Desires and Reason is a philosophical work written in 1994. With profound insight and systematic analysis, authors Li Xing and Zhu Yizhe explore the fundamental motivations behind human behavior—the complex relationship between desire and reason. This book is not only marked by its distinct historical context but also offers enlightening perspectives intersecting philosophy, sociology, and psychology.

The book begins by pointing out that while humanity has achieved remarkable feats in transforming nature, it has struggled to understand itself. The authors argue that although Hegel asserted "Reason governs the world," the reality thus far has been that "Desire governs the world." This statement establishes the foundation for the book's critique and reflection. Starting from the nature of desire, defined as "ideologized biological instinct," the book meticulously classifies it into twelve basic desires and instincts—such as the desire for security, possession, power, and self-expression—and proceeds to analyze their roles and influences in social history and real life.

When discussing reason, the authors distinguish it into four forms: instrumental rationality, scientific rationality, value rationality, and philosophical rationality. They emphasize that reason is not merely a cognitive faculty but also the key for humanity to transcend biological nature and realize self-worth. Particularly insightful is the book's assertion that desire possesses an undeniable egoistic essence, while reason—especially value rationality—bears the mission of restraining desires and guiding behavior towards goodness.

The authors further propose that the history of human society can be seen as a continuous interplay between desire and reason. During the long period when reason was not yet mature, desire served as the primitive driving force for the development of material civilization, yet it also became the source of social contradictions and evils. With the development and maturation of reason, human society has the potential to move from "governance by desire" towards "governance by reason," achieving a higher level of freedom and harmony.

Although written three decades ago, this book remains highly relevant for contemporary China and global society. In today's age of prevalent materialism and consumerism, the inflation of desire and the absence of reason are still root causes of many social problems. The book calls for people, through education and self-reflection, to enhance rational self-awareness and to make the purpose of reason the highest pursuit in life. This serves not only as spiritual guidance for the individual but also as profound contemplation on the development of human civilization as a whole.

Overall, Desires and Reason is a profound, rigorously structured, and critically spirited work imbued with humanistic concern. It is worthy of careful reading and reflection by anyone interested in the fate of humanity and spiritual growth.

Appendix: Table of Contents

Preface …………………………………………………………………1
I. Desire ……………………………………………………………… 6
1. Desire as an Ideologized Biological Instinct ……………………7
2. Categories of Desire …………………………………………… 10
3. Relationships Between Different Desires ………………………21
4. General Characteristics of Desire ………………………………25
5. The Significance, Role, and Status of Desire in Social

  History  and Real Life ………………………………………… 32
II. Consciousness ...... 38
1. General Characteristics of Human Consciousness ………… 40
2. Emotion ………………………………………………………… 45
3. Will ...... 49
III. Reason ………………………………………………………… 52
1. Intellect, Wisdom, or Instrumental Rationality ………………53
2. Scientific Rationality ……………………………………………59
3. Value Rationality .……………………………………………… 60
4. Philosophical Rationality ………………………………………61
IV. The Relationship Between Desire and Reason …………… 64
1. The General Relationship Between Desire and Reason ……65
2. The Historical Evolutionary Relationship Between

Desire and Reason ………………………………………… 73
V. Problems Facing Human Reason …………………………… 81
1. Different Problems Faced by Countries at Different

Stages of Social Development …………………………… 82
2. Problems Arising from the Historical Evolution

of Social Structures………………………………………… 93
3. The Most Pressing Problem Facing

Human Reason—Population………………………………96

Appendix 1: The Evolution of Social Forms ………………… 104
Appendix 2: The Evolution of Spiritual Forms ……………… 106